News related to the human history based on mtDNA

I found this news on google and
I think this article might be helpful if you are interested in biology or history.

http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1357216/humans_narrowly_escaped_extinction_70000_years_ago/

Sample answers to exam prep questions

9. Scientists know that people leave tools, bones and other evidence behind wherever they live. If a group of humans is moving in one direction, then the anthropological evidence we find should be older in the areas they first inhabited and newer in areas that were inhabited later. Based on this, scientists can guess at the direction of movement using the ages of the remains they find. (Scientists have to be careful because they can never know if they have found the oldest evidence from a particular area.)

12. (Some people have tried to use evidence of genetic differences to justify racist policies and views. But when we understand that all humans are closely connected, we should realize that racism and prejudice arefoolish. We should treat all humans as if they were our brothers and sisters.

Quirks & Quarks

The listening file is here. Ladd's website is here.

Please, listen and transcribe any 2-minute section from the interview.

Summary of chapter 8

Chromosomes which are located within the nucleus of almost all cells contain important genetic information. They comprise genes that are made of nucleotides which carry one of for nitrogen-based molecules(A,T,C and G) and are connected with each other in one of only two kinds of pairings to form the rungs of spiral, ladderlike structure called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.

Eugene

Brett's summary

From smallest to largest units we have nucleotides (A, T, C, & G), base pairs (2 nucleotides; AT or CG), genes (a collection of base pairs that code for something, typically with 1,000 base pairs), chromosomes (with billions of genes), cell nucleus (with 23 pairs of chromosomes), cells, and humans (with trillions of cells). The first four are all DNA at different levels and combinations.

Summary/paraphrase 3

Every organism is composed of cells which have chromosomes that carry genetic information. The genes on the chromosome determine the production of enzymes and proteins in the cell. The genes are composed of four different chemicals called nucleotides that contain (A, T, C, G).

Summary/paraphrase 2

Every living organism is composed of trillions of cells. The chromosomes in cell carry critical information about their functioning. Genes determine the production of enzymes and specific proteins in the cell. These are made up of four different chemicals called nucleotides that contain one of four molecules.The nucleotides link together in one of two kinds of pairings to form the structure called DNA. Each gene has a specific pairs of nucleotide according to different order on DNA ladder that we call the chromosomes. Therefore, every gene is different from each other.