*** www.d4ir.com ** دانلود برای ایرانیان ***: چگونه یك پارادایم شكل می گیرد؟ !!!! ...

*** www.d4ir.com ** دانلود برای ایرانیان ***: چگونه یك پارادایم شكل می گیرد؟ !!!! ...

The Thread of Life

The tree of human history. (1996)
Geographical distribution of humans.
From DNA to chromosome.
The national geographic interactive map.

For the listening exam, listen to this file and take notes.
These maps will help you understand the listening.

Grad Party

Please, let me know if you are coming to the Grad Party. It will be at 12:00 in the H cafeteria on Wed, June 25.

For Dimitris

This is only for Dimitris. Please, click here.

Expressing changes in number and rate

Situation 1: In Toronto in 1990 the population was 100 and the number of obese people was 10. In 2000 the population was 110 and the number of obese people was 11.

1. From 1990 to 2000, the total population in Toronto increased from 100 to 110.
2. The population of Toronto increased by 10%.
3. Although within the 10-year range, 1990 to 2000, the obesity rate in Toronto had stayed at 10%, it had increased to 20% in Hong Kong.
4. In TO, the population grew from 100 in 1990 to 110 in 2000, but the number of obese people changed from 10 to 11 in this decade.
5. In the decade beginning in 1990, the number of obese in Toronto rose by 10.
6. In the ten years ending in 2000, the number of obese in TO increased to 110.
7. In the ten years ending in 2000, the number of obese in TO remained at 10%.
8. In 1990 the amount of obese people in Hong Kong was 10 and it has incrased to 22 in 2000.

Situation 2: In Hong Kong in 1990 the population was 100 and the number of obese people was 10. In 2000 the population was 110 and the number of obese people was 22.

Situation 3: Other

1. From time 1 to time 2 the increased consumption of energy was from 10 to 20%.

Model Comparison

1. Differences between Shannon- Weaver model and Schramm's
   
   Two early models of communication are those of Schramm and Shannon-Weaver. In Schramn’s model, the components such as the source and destination are more clearly depicted than in the Shannon-Weaver model. Also, the concepts of encoder and decoder in Schramn’s model are unique because according to Schramm, a message needs to be encoded (in writing, speaking or filming) by the source and decoded by the receiver. In contrast, with the Shannon-Weaver model, the message is not encoded or decoded. Furthermore, Schramn’s model adds the idea that the source and receiver must have the same field of experience in order for the message to be clearly understood. On the other hand, the concept of noise, which includes anything that can interrupt a communication process, is unique to Shannon-Weaver’s. Although the models differ in some ways, many of the same terms are used to describe the communication process.
   
2. Many models of communication share similar aspects. There is one important similarity and a major difference between Schramm's Model and a model of intercultural communication that can be found in Devito (1996). Both of them have receiver and sender, so sources and receiver interact each other, which means they send and receive messages to and from each others. On the other hand, Schramm's model depitcts communication happening in the overlap bewteen fields of experience, but the model of intercultural communication did not mention any common areas between source and receiver. Overall, it appears that the Devito model was likely influenced by earlier models such as Schramm's.

Last listening

Here's the link for activity 24.