Model Comparison

1. Differences between Shannon- Weaver model and Schramm's
   
   Two early models of communication are those of Schramm and Shannon-Weaver. In Schramn’s model, the components such as the source and destination are more clearly depicted than in the Shannon-Weaver model. Also, the concepts of encoder and decoder in Schramn’s model are unique because according to Schramm, a message needs to be encoded (in writing, speaking or filming) by the source and decoded by the receiver. In contrast, with the Shannon-Weaver model, the message is not encoded or decoded. Furthermore, Schramn’s model adds the idea that the source and receiver must have the same field of experience in order for the message to be clearly understood. On the other hand, the concept of noise, which includes anything that can interrupt a communication process, is unique to Shannon-Weaver’s. Although the models differ in some ways, many of the same terms are used to describe the communication process.
   
2. Many models of communication share similar aspects. There is one important similarity and a major difference between Schramm's Model and a model of intercultural communication that can be found in Devito (1996). Both of them have receiver and sender, so sources and receiver interact each other, which means they send and receive messages to and from each others. On the other hand, Schramm's model depitcts communication happening in the overlap bewteen fields of experience, but the model of intercultural communication did not mention any common areas between source and receiver. Overall, it appears that the Devito model was likely influenced by earlier models such as Schramm's.

Last listening

Here's the link for activity 24.

Communication Test Question

Here are the test questions that you have suggested:

1. Define interpresonal and mass communication. (copied answers are acceptable).
   "EXACT DEFINITION FROM TEXTBOOK"
2. Compare source in interperson and mass communication. (point form answers are acceptable)

• control (feedback, face to face, number of contributing people)
• linear (one source) vs. bidirectional (changing sources)
• individual source vs. team source

1. In a short paragraph, compare source in interpersonal and mass communication. (point form answers are NOT acceptable)

There are a number of differences in the source beteween interpersonal and mass communication. The first is the amount of control that the source has. In IP comm, the source usually has direct contact with the receiver, so immediate feedback is possible. The fact that the source is an individual also gives them total control over what they want to say. On the other hand, in mass communication, immediate feedback is rarely possible because there is very little interaction bewteen the source and receiver. Furthermore, the number of people who together make up the source is typically large, so it is a team and no one person makes all the decisions.

1. How are messages transfered between source and receiver?
   (e.g.,) using a channel such as your voice
2. In a short paragraph, explain the strengths of Shannon's model? (own opinion is OK, BUT... you need evidence)
   (introduction) The main strength of Sannon's model is the introduction of noise. This is a strength because it shows real communication, both successful and unsuccessful.
3. Give a simple graph of a communication process between a speaker and a large audience. (probably not on the test).
4. In a short paragraph, explain the similarities and differences between SW's and Shramm's models. (YES!!!!)
5. What is an example of semantic noise? (give me an EXAMPLE)
   A woman being distracted from the message by a good looking firefighter.
6. Explain about the effects of mass communication in your own words. (too general, not in the listening)
7. Give an example of how the field of experience aspect of Schramm's model explains failed/successful communication.
   
   When one person is communicating in their second language, their relevant field of experience (including vocabulary) would be much smaller than that of somebody communicating in their first language. As a result, there will be little overlap. When the message lies outside of the field of experience of the one person, the communication will be unsuccessful.

AW6 - Noun Clause Homework

Post your homework under "comments."

AW6 - Passive Homework

Post your homework answers under "comments." There is an example for you.

Weekend homework

• Begin work on your research project. By Tuesday, you should have finised most of your research and you should have a model ready to show to your classmates.
• Finish your graded reader and be ready to discuss it.
• Study vocabulary. For the next vocabulary test, I will ask for example sentences as well as meanings.
• Complete activities: 7, 23 & 22 (my extension is 3106)
• Repeat activities 9 and 13, Then transcribe the full lecture for activity 13. It's OK if you have some mistakes. I'll collect the transcription on Tuesday.

The listenings are here:

1. activity 8
2. activity 9
3. activity 12
4. activity 13

Comparing models

• Laswell's & SW's model show uni-directional way. However, Schramm's model show's bi-directional way.
• Communication without understanding is impossible. That is why all models have a device to analyse received information.
• Laswell model gives us before an information. Shannon model has not.
• Shannon model use the same symbol in the same field of experience with Schramm's model.
• Laswell and Schramm are different from model of developing human communication.
• In contrast, Laswell's model and Shannon's model are similar. However, Shannon's model has some difference, such as noise.
• There is a common area bewteen communicators in Schramm's model, but communicators don't have anything in common in Laswell's model.

• Laswell's & SW's models are uni-directional. Schramm's model, however, is bi-directional.
• Communication without understanding is impossible. That is why all models have a device to analyse received information.
• The SW model gives us the initial information. Laswell's model doesn't have this.
• Just as in Schramm's model, the Shannon Weaver model uses the word signal.
• Laswell and Schramm are different from model of developing human communication.
• Laswell's model and Shannon's model are similar. However, they have some differences, such as noise.
• There is a common area bewteen communicators in Schramm's model, but this area is not depicted in Laswell's model.

AW6 - Multi-Paragraph Format

Hello guys,

Here is the work you did today in class on writing a multi-paragraph paper. Each Introduction and Conclusion paragraph is followed by my comments (strengths and weaknesses), as you had asked. Study your work and my comments again for a better idea of how to write a separate Introduction and Conclusion paragraph. Post any questions under "comments."

Dimitri – Gosia – Junichi

Introduction:
Nowadays smoking is important issue in modern societies. However people are still smoking a lot even though it is forbidden in public places. There has to be some good effects of smoking. The three most important positive effects are reducing stress, forgetting problems, decrease appetite.

Strengths: introduces the topic; talks about the significance of the topic; has a clear thesis

Weaknesses: no transition between introduction and thesis statement; thesis is not parallel


Conclusion:
Overall, people are still smoking even though it has many negative effects. By smoking people can not only forget problems but also release stress and if smoking reduces stress why does the government have to restrict smoking in public places?

Strengths: ends with a though-provoking question; gives alternatives

Weaknesses: a bit short; no clear transition between sentences


Ugur – Felix – Yaneth

Introduction:
Most people around the world don’t care about their life because they can’t stop smoking. Smoking results in a lot of health problems for the human body. In addition by smoking people can get different diseases like cancer and respiratory problems. The negative effects of smoking cigarettes are damage the body, can create an addiction, and break up relationship.

Strengths: introduces the topic; discusses the importance of topic; clear TS

Weaknesses: TS is not parallel; first sentence is over-generalization; no smooth transition between Introduction and TS


Conclusion:
In conclusion people who smoke more than 100 cigarettes a month can die in less than 6 months. Smoking cigarettes has become a big negative effect on the society because many people have died in the past few years with different kinds of diseases.

Strengths: gives warning

Weaknesses: statistics is made up (needs a reliable source); over-generalizing; does not end in memorable way


Ayfer – Fahmieh – Shadab

Introduction:
More than half people around the world are addicted to smoking. All of these people know that smoking damages their bodies. Some of them try to quit it, but most of the time they face failure. Therefore, they should believe how much this small entity destroys their body. Oral diseases, lung cancer, and breath difficulty are three negative effects of cigarette smoking.

Strengths: introduces the topic; discusses the significance; has a clear TS

Weaknesses: not clear where data comes from (no source)


Conclusion:
In short, smokers should be aware of negative effects of this tiny friend. This so-called fried will not only spoil their body but also make their pockets empty in a friendly manner.

Strengths: gives caution; ends in memorable way (use of humour)

Weaknesses: too short


Igor – Kook

Introduction:
Many people have habit of cigarette smoking. Nowadays, most people think about only negative effects of smoking but smokers have their own view on this type of pastime. They do hard work so they have tension, stress, and are under pressure in society. This means cigarette smoking helps them in the following ways: increase government income, bring people closer to each other, and create employment.

Strengths: introduces the topic; presents an alternative point of view; has a clear TS

Weaknesses: points in TS do not have a logical connection to each other


Conclusion:
In conclusion, these ways help stop to think about the negative effects of smoking. By smoking, we can help to increase government income, bring people closer, and create employment. In other words, it can solve the social problems: overcrowding of Earth. It is true that smoking is good for you!

Strengths: summarizes the main points; ends in a creative and memorable way (uses humour and interesting ideas)

Weaknesses: a bit short, but overall a good conclusion

Communication Vocabulary

documents
sum
indicates
communication
identical
channel
instructions
modify
text
distribution
publication / publish
lecture
interact / interaction
designed
involve
major
team
role
define / definition
grade
professional
contact
link
image
diverse
similar / similarity
component
technology
index
culture
individual
available
aware
likewise
network
perspective
source
factors
economic
chapter
flexible
respond
constantly
whereas
traditionally
concept
contrast
liberal
definitely
process
physical
edition / editor
inaccurate
ongoing
negative
assume
media / medium
emphasizes

Life insurance companies

• Canada Life
• AIG Life
• Great-West Life
• Manulife

Homework

Please do exercise 16 and 19.

The results of sentence length on ease and interest

There is an interesting relationship between the average sentence length, interest level of sentence, and ease of understanding. As the length of the sentences becomes longer, on one hand, it reduces the ease of the sentences, so it makes the sentences difficult to understand. On the other hand, it increases the level of sentence interest. The scale of the average sentence length has a direct positive linear correlation with the scale of interest level and a negative correlation with the scale of ease. For example, at an avereage sentence length of three words, the interest level is only one whereas the ease is ten. In contrast, at a high average sentence length of 20 words, interest has increased to seven while ease has dropped to four.

APA Sources

Here's a powerpoint file explaining everything. Also, you can just put the information into this website, and it will make the reference for you.

Long Weekend Homework

1. Finish reading your graded reader & prepare to discuss it on Tuesday.
2. Study vocabulary and be ready for the vocabulary test at 8:05 on Tuesday. The test will have words from both the Hollywood list and the Business list.
   
3. Review the chapter on Hollywood. Listen again to all the lectures. Find things that you didn't hear before.
   
4. Reread "Management Defined" on pp. 102-107. Look for things that you didn't notice before.
   
5. Do exercises 10 & 12-15.
   

Management Summary C

Distingishing between the relationship of effectiveness and efficiency is important and a never ending dilemma for managers. Effectiveness entails promptly achieving a stated objectives. Efficiency means when the resource required to achieve an objective against the actually accomplishment.is limited as much as possible.

Management Summary B

Distinguishing between the relationship of effectiveness and efficiency is important and a never-ending dilemma for managers. Effectiveness entails promptly achieving a stated objective. Efficiency means weighing the resources require to achieve an objective against the actual accomplishment. Managers are responsible for balancing effectiveness and efficiency, which means they must avoid waste but not at the cost of not achieving objectives.

Management Summary A

Managers should balance effectiveness and efficiency. To be too effective or efficient can lead to mismanagement. Those who are too effective may waste resources. Consequently, it may cause bankruptcy. Other managers who are too efficient and focus too much on limiting to use of resources may not get the job done.

Business vocabulary

achieve/ achieving / achievable
acquisitions
adapt
alternative / alternatives
annual
approach (v)
approximately
attained
capacity
components
consequently
consultant
contributions
corporate
demonstrate
distributed
diversity / diverse
economics
establish/ established / establishing
ethical
evolution
factors
financial
focus
goals / goal-oriented
highlight
impact (n)
incorporate
initiative
input
integrated
interact
involve
labor
mode
objective
ongoing
overall
partnership
perceived
priority
relevance
require
resources
strategic / strategy

Business Vocabulary (Example sentences)

1. If managers' mode of communicating is good, their relationship with workers should be successful.
2. Annual accounting can help managers.
3. Acquiring (Aquisition of) an education is very improtant to have a good life.
4. Vegetables and fresh fruits are essential components of a good diet.
5. Many companies have diverse shifts.
6. I attained good grades on my final exam.
7. I have some alternative questions for the graduation exam.
8. He's ill. Consequently, he will not go to school.
9. I wanted to input this information into the PC.

AW6 - Reading for Wednesday

The Body’s Response to Stress – The General Adaptation Syndrome

Much of what we know about the body’s response to stress is the result of pioneering research by Hans Selye (1907-1982), the famed stress researcher known affectionately as “Dr. Stress.” Selye found that the body responds in a similar manner to various stressors – cold, noise, infectious agents, pressures on the job, or mental stress in the form of worry or anxiety. He recognized that specific stressors, such as an invading virus, do elicit specific reactions in the body. But layered over these specific responses is a more general response to stress, which he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) (also called the stress response). The general adaptation syndrome consists of three stages, each of which we consider below.

Alarm Stage
The alarm stage is the body’s first stage of response to a stressor, during which its defenses prepare for action. Suppose a car ahead of you on the road suddenly veers out of control. This is an immediate stressful event. Your heart starts pounding faster, speeding the flow of blood to your extremities and providing muscles with the oxygen and fuel they need to take swift action, such as performing an emergency maneuver to avoid a collision. The body’s response during the alarm stage is called the fight-or-flight response because it is characterized by biological changes that prepare the body to deal with a threat by either fighting it off or fleeing from it.
The alarm stage is accompanied by strong physiological and psychological arousal. Our hearts pound, our breathing quickens, sweat pours down our foreheads, and we are flooded with strong emotions such as terror, fright, anxiety, rage, or anger.
Different stressful events may trigger the alarm stage of the GAS. The threat may be physical, as in an attach by an assailant, or psychological, as in an event that induces fear of failure (a professor handing out an examination, for example). In some people, the alarm is triggered whenever they meet a new person at a social gathering: they find themselves sweating heavily and feeling anxious, and they may become tongue-tied. In others, the body alarm system is activated whenever they visit the dentist. Whether the perceived threat is physical or psychological, the body’s response is the same.
The alarm stage is like a “call to arms” that is prewired into the nervous system. this wiring is a legacy inherited from our earliest anc3stors who faced many potential threats in their daily lives. A glimpse of a suspicious-looking object or a rustling sound in the bush might have cud them to the presence of a predator, triggering the fight-or-flight response, which helped prepare them to defend themselves against a threat. But the fight-or-flight response didn’t last long. If they survived the immediate threat, their bodies returned to their normal state. If they failed, they simply perished.



Resistance Stage
Death may occur within the first few hours or days of exposure to a stressor that is so damaging (such as extreme cold) that its persistence is incompatible with life. But if survival is possible and the stressor continues, the body attempts to adapt to it as best it can. Selye called this part of the GAS the resistance stage (also called adaptation stage). During this stage, the body attempts to return to a normal biological state by restoring spent energy and repairing damage. Yet arousal remains high, though not as high as during the alarm reaction. This prolonged bodily arousal may be accompanied by such emotional reactions as anger, fatigue, and irritability.

Exhaustion Stage
If the stressor persists, the body may enter the final stage of the GAS – the exhaustion stage. Heart rate and respiration now decrease to conserve bodily resources. Yet with continued exposure to stress, the body’s resources may become seriously depleted and the individual may develop what Selye called “diseases of adaptation” – stress-related disorders such as kidney disease, heart disease, allergic conditions, digestive disorders, and depression. Some people are hardier than others, but relentless, intense stress can eventually exhaust anyone.
A sensitive alarm system may have helped our ancient ancestors survive many of the physical threats they faced. Yet the alarm reaction was designed not to last very long. Our ancestors either escaped a predator or fought it off; within seconds, minutes perhaps, the threat was over and their bodies returned to their normal, pre-aroused state. The stresses of contemporary life are more persistent. Our ancestors didn’t need to juggle school and jobs, fight daily traffic jams, or face the daily grind of working a double shift to make ends meet. The reality for many of us today is that the stressful demands of everyday life may repeatedly activate our alarm reaction day after day, year after year. Over time, persistent stress may tax our bodies’ resources to the point where we become more susceptible to stress-related disorders.



From Nevid, J. S. (2003). Psychology Concepts and Applications. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 598-600.

Hollywood vs. Computers

• both using machines/technology
• both use patents
• inventions & inventors
• people wanted or needed the inventions (for entertainment)
• both tried to control the market
• both were sued
• both grew very quickly

1. both using machines/technology
2. inventions & inventors
3. both use patents
4. both grew very quickly, both tried to control the market, both were sued

Computer inventors and movie inventors followed the same paths to become popular.

The three similarities of the personal computer and Hollywood movies are: both grew very quickly, both tried to control the market, and both were sued.

The histories of the develpment of Hollywood and the Personal Computer have some similarities which make people think about every new invention. One similarity is that the personal computer industry and Hollywood movies are both based on machines or technology. In Hollywood, the important inventions were the movie camera and the projector. With computers, of course, the important invention is the computer itself. Not only were they both built on inventions, but those inventions were both protected using patents. In Hollywood, for example, the MPPC used patents to control who made movies and sell more of their product. With the PC,...

Exercise 24

1. Women showed their freedom by wearing shorter skirts.
   They can spend more money.
   They could make movies with prostitution, drugs, and other things like that.
2. It stood for the Motion Picture Production Code.
3. Words with sexual meanings and long kisses were banned.
   Two aspects of movies that were banned were sexual images and sexual language.
4. a
5. a
6. The MPPDA was a self-regulating orgainziation in that it didn't want government rules, so they formed their own organization to control themselves.
7. Because it was a depression, people had many troubles and went to see movies to forget their problems. Also, movies were cheap, which made them affordable for people in bad economic times.

Extra Speaking Practice

In the writing centre F201: Mondays 9:55-10:45 & Wed, 1:35-2:25
Cost: Freeeeee!

No appointment needed.

Homework

1. Watch this trailer from the movie, Chaplin. Then watch some clips from The Great Dictator and some from Modern Times. Finally, write 200 words (double spaced) about your reaction to everything you've watched. Don't summarise it; just say how it made you feel and what it made your think.
2. Finish your graded reader and be ready to talk about it on Tuesday.
3. Chose one of the two lectures and write out 5 minutes of it word-for-word. In other words, take dictation.
4. Prepare for the vocabulary test on Tuesday.
5. Prepare for the listening test on Wednesday. There are practice questions on the second last page of your textbook.

Learn to type

If you're not a good typist, you might try Learn2Type.com.

Hollywood Summary Group A

History of Movie Production

Thomas Edison, an American inventor, worked with a British inventor William Dickson and together they invented the kinetoscope, patented in 1891, which showed films. People watched first movie by using kinetoscope in 1894 in New York City. During 1894 kinetoscope was used in London, Berlin, and Paris. Edison thought he would make a lot of money with the kinetoscope. Other inventors, the Lumiere brothers, invented the cinematographe in 1895. Their invention was different from the kinetoscope because many people were able to watch a movie at the same time. People weren't used to seeing moving pictures, and these made them scared. Thomas Armat patented a projector in 1896. Edison acquired it and renamed it the "Edison vitascope." The projector made lots of money and controlled movies.

Hollywood summary group C

History OF MOVIE PRODUCTION
part 1
Seeing movie ia a popular these days and many people are interested in the history of movie production. There is some information about movies from the beginning. This history have been started fromat the end of the 19th century. A producers need a camera and a projector. The former is for making movies and the latter one for showing movies. Who did invent them? Thomas Edison was a famous inventor in the U.S bacause he invented electric lamp and phonograph. Also he was patent which means he could make or sell invention even he didn't create them.Thomas Edison was patent holder for a camera in the U.S. Edison and his friend, William Dickson, worked on two kinds of machines. One of them was, the kinetograph, which recorded movement and make made the movies. Last one was, and the kinetoscope, which was used for viewing the movie. Edison hadgot the right to make and sell the kinetoscope in 1891 and three years later in 1894 this machine was shown to the public in New York city. Every person for seeing movie needs an individual kinetoscope to watch a movie, which means limitation for earning money for Edison.

InOn the other hand, the projector invented by the Lumiere brothers in France in 1895 which lets many people see movies at the same time. Also they were film makers and they made the first movie. It was in a train, but people thought the train was coming toward them, and therfore they were scared. The Lumire brothers were top of the list at making movies, so Edison got jelous of them.

In 1896, Edison wasbecame the ownerpatent holder of the projector patent in 1896 which was invented by Thomas Armat in the U.S. Edison had a very good feeling about himself, so he put his name on the projector. After that he earned money and controlled on the movie industries.

Hollywood summary Group B

The history of movie production have been starting started at the end of 19th century. There were several inventors. The first was well known American inventor Thomas Edison who patented over 1,000 invenstions in the United State and also invented the electric phonograph. Also, he He worked with British inventer William Dickson on the kinetograph, which was useing used to record movement, and the kinetoscope which was useing used to view films. In 1891 Thomas Edison patented the kinetoscope which went on sale three years later commarcally available in New York. Before 1894 it was useing used in London, Berlin and Paris. One Kinetoscope was used for only one person so, because Edison thought if he could make a lot of money in his life that way.

Furthermore, Other inventors, the Lumiere brothers in 1895 invented the first projector in 1895 in France which was called the cinematograph in France. Many people could watch a film at the same time by with this machine. Also the Lumiere brothers were film makers. Their first movie was about a train.

Thomas Ediston patented the projector which was invented by Thomas Armat. He renamed it the Edison Vitascope with the plan to make a lot of money and control the movie industry.

Hollywood Cloze

Try out this activity.

Listening Files

Here are the files for the listening unit on movies:
page 6, activity 6
p 8, ac 9
p 10, ac 11
p 10, ac 12-1
p 10, ac 12-2
p 23, ac 24

Time words

1. I want to go to shopping today but prior to I have to go to school.
2. I want to go to go shopping today but prior to (that, going, shopping) I have to go to school.
3. When I back home, subsequently, I prepared dinner.
4. When I go back home, subsequently, I prepared dinner.
5. I have two classes today. Former is writing class and the latter is lab classes.
6. I have two classes today. The former is writing class and the latter is lab classes.
7. I will go to prior to cinema.
8. I will go shopping prior to going to the cinema.
9. Prior to doing homework, I usually eat some cookies.
10. From the Swiss Challet and Mandarin restaurants, I prefer the latter.
11. Prior to coming to Canada, I thought life would be easy there.
12. Prior to writing TOEFL, I must go to a TOEFL class.
13. The food fell on me and subsequently I went to wash myself.
14. From these two dishes, I like the former.
15. I came to my home. Subsequently, I prepared dinner.

Hollywood vocabulary

accessible
accompany
acquire
appropriate (adj)
area
aspect
aware
challenging (adj)
code
constitutional
convinced
couple
created, creator
credit (n. positive words or feelings)
criteria
decades
definition
depression (in economics)
distributed, distributing, distribution, distributors
device
economic, economy
equipment
exhibition
factors (n)
filed
finally
financially
former
guarantee
immigrants
individual (adj)
initial (adj)
involvement
labor (n)
latter
legal
located, locations
migration
obvious, obviously
occurred
partners (n)
period (time)
predict
prior
project (v)
prospects (n)
regulate, regulations, regulatory
released
roles
sex, sexual
shift (n; change)
site (n)
subsequently