News related to the human history based on mtDNA

I found this news on google and
I think this article might be helpful if you are interested in biology or history.

http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1357216/humans_narrowly_escaped_extinction_70000_years_ago/

Sample answers to exam prep questions

9. Scientists know that people leave tools, bones and other evidence behind wherever they live. If a group of humans is moving in one direction, then the anthropological evidence we find should be older in the areas they first inhabited and newer in areas that were inhabited later. Based on this, scientists can guess at the direction of movement using the ages of the remains they find. (Scientists have to be careful because they can never know if they have found the oldest evidence from a particular area.)

12. (Some people have tried to use evidence of genetic differences to justify racist policies and views. But when we understand that all humans are closely connected, we should realize that racism and prejudice arefoolish. We should treat all humans as if they were our brothers and sisters.

Quirks & Quarks

The listening file is here. Ladd's website is here.

Please, listen and transcribe any 2-minute section from the interview.

Summary of chapter 8

Chromosomes which are located within the nucleus of almost all cells contain important genetic information. They comprise genes that are made of nucleotides which carry one of for nitrogen-based molecules(A,T,C and G) and are connected with each other in one of only two kinds of pairings to form the rungs of spiral, ladderlike structure called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid.

Eugene

Brett's summary

From smallest to largest units we have nucleotides (A, T, C, & G), base pairs (2 nucleotides; AT or CG), genes (a collection of base pairs that code for something, typically with 1,000 base pairs), chromosomes (with billions of genes), cell nucleus (with 23 pairs of chromosomes), cells, and humans (with trillions of cells). The first four are all DNA at different levels and combinations.

Summary/paraphrase 3

Every organism is composed of cells which have chromosomes that carry genetic information. The genes on the chromosome determine the production of enzymes and proteins in the cell. The genes are composed of four different chemicals called nucleotides that contain (A, T, C, G).

Summary/paraphrase 2

Every living organism is composed of trillions of cells. The chromosomes in cell carry critical information about their functioning. Genes determine the production of enzymes and specific proteins in the cell. These are made up of four different chemicals called nucleotides that contain one of four molecules.The nucleotides link together in one of two kinds of pairings to form the structure called DNA. Each gene has a specific pairs of nucleotide according to different order on DNA ladder that we call the chromosomes. Therefore, every gene is different from each other.

The thread of life: pictures, maps, and listening

The tree of human history. (1996)
Geographical distribution of humans.
From DNA to chromosome.
The national geographic interactive map.
For the listening exam, listen to this file and take notes.
These maps will help you understand the listening.

Compare / Contrast Topics

Here are the topics for your in-class writing test on Thursday, April 18. You must bring to class with a one-page, typed outline (in point form) and hand it in to me with your paper. I will deduct marks for papers without a proper, typed outline. You can use a paper Engilsh-English dictionary during the test.

Check under "comments" for the topics.

Communication audio files

Activity 8
Activity 9
Activity 12
Activity 13
Activity 24

Final Exam Schedule - AW6

Final Writing Exam: Wednesday April 23 at 8:05 in JB110

Final Grammar Exam: Thursday April 24 at 8:05 in JB110

Final exam schedule

Final Reading Exam Friday, April 25 @ 8:05
Final Listening/Note-taking Monday, April 28 @ 8:05

Noun Clauses - AW6

Post your work under "comments."

Activity 30 (group B)

(Remove things in red and add things in blue.)

1. Reading section number 1 " Obesity and Being Overweight" because it presents a lot of number of useful reserches and facts about obesity such as (give examples). In contrast, the other readings ...
2. Yes. we were surprised about the list of the countries in which obesity has increased. For example, North Africa , Asia. We didn't expect them to be in the list because...
3. Reasons number 9 and number 10. These reasons are presented in the reading mentioning the higher proportion of fats, saturated fats and sugars. And at the same time , large shifts towards less physically activities.
4. we think the most difficult problem to overcome is that children are more engaged in indoor activities like watching television, computer games and doing less physical activity. This will be hard because...
5. No, we think that we need someone as a doctor or a nutritionist, who can explain to us how the food guides can help us in a right way. Therefore, we get enough and correct information about how to use the food pyramid in our real life.

Activity 30 (group C)

Remove things in red and add things in blue.

1. Selection one includes more information about being overweight and obesity than other selections. There are many facts that show us details data such as amount of overweight adults and kids. In contrast, the other articles...
   
2. Surprising information in selection 1. obesity problem is globally and extends into the developing world. Currently obesity increse is increasing in countries where the economy is growing fast such as China, Thiland, and Samoa.
3. In selection 2 there are two reasons for obesity and being overweight. First one is a lack of physical activity and next one is bad nutrition habits. Those reasons are the same in both selections.
4. Both causes are difficult to solve. people need more education about healthy food.
5. Yes Models are very well prepared for people to understand.

Activity 30 (group A)

1-. The first reading expresses the problem of global obesity more strongly than other readings because it shows more specific details such as percents, numbers and concret examples about this problem.

2-. Yes, we were. China is a surprise for us. What we thought about obesity in China was that they had a small number of obese people and also one of the lowest obesity rates in the world. Also, this is a suprise for us because it supposes China has different eating customs from American people. But according to the reading, the situation has been changing rapidly since 1980. This is the reason why we choose China from those many countries in the list.

3-. To mention their ideas, they use references like CNN and an opinion of a doctor in Delhi, and they let us know the certain number in examples of obesity. The most plausible reasons is the children don't have education about nutritional needs. (Why?) This influences in their lifestyles.
Yes. they did

4-. We think the hardest part to change in this problem is eating customs. People have been used to their lifestyle since they were born. And it's not easy to change their patterns in a short time.

5-. Yes, they do. Because people can look at the information in the reading such as graphs like piramids and compare it with their own diet pyramid. By comparing, we can realize which are enough or not, and we can improve our eating customs.

-Nina, Valentina, Eugene

Obesity Cloze

Try this exercise.

APA machine

This website will help you format your list of references. But it might make mistakes, so you should check the output if you use it.